Blood Grouping

Blood grouping and Basic equipment for district hospital lab:

Blood grouping: A genetically determined system of antigens located on the surface of the erythrocyte.

Common blood group:

1. ABO system-A,B,O, AB.
2. Rh –factor –Rh (+)Ve and Rh(-) Ve

Method of detection of antigen:

1. Slide method
2. Tube method.

Method of antibodies: Comb’s test (Direct and in directed test)

Importance of blood group:

1. For correct blood transfusion
2. For diagnose immune hemolytic anemia.
3. Paternity test

Basic equipment for district hospital lab:

1. Hot air over
2. Autoclave
3. Pathological  microscope
4. Urinometer
5. Colorimeter
6. Haemocytometer box
7. Glass slide with over slide
8. Test tube
9. Beaker
10. Conical flask
11. Centrifuge
12. Spirit lamp.

Store management of Basic equipment for district hospital lab:

Store of a medical laboratory contains various type of instruments paper register and reagent and other essential materials.

Management:

1. Daily open the store.
2. List the instruments or . materials of store in a register
3. Check up the register and store regulatory.
4. Clean store and store contain materials regulatory
5. List the instruments or reagent or other daily required materials taken from the store in register.
6. Look the store regularly.

First Aid and Bed Pans -

First aid and Bed pans

Bed pans: the bed pan is a container. It is made of plastic or steel. It ‘s used for patients on bed for passing stool.

Types : bed pans are of two types:
1.    Metallic made of stainless steel with lid
2.    Plastic lid.

Use of  Bed pans: for the non-ambulatory defection.

First aid : Immediate emergency care given to an injured patient before the arrival of a physician to a hospital is called first aid
Contents of first aid box :
1.    Sterile cotton wool
2.    Savlon
3.    Roll bandages
4.    Sterile eye pads
5.    Sodium bicarbonate powder
6.    Candle
7.    Scissors
8.    Blade
9.    Match box
10.    Surgical gauze
11.    BP machine
12.    Antiseptic cream
13.    Thermometer
14.    Torch light
15.    Forceps.

Emergency conditions where first aid is needed:

1.    Trauma
2.    Bleeding
3.    Electric shock
4.    Poisoning
5.    Snake bite
6.    Dog bite
7.    Fracture
8.    Burns- heat burns .chemical burns, eclectic burns etc.

Syringe & Haemocytometer and Microtome

Syringe & Haemocytometer and Microtome

Syringe:

The syringe is very important instrument, generally use liquid substance push and collection form human body.

Types of Syringe:

1. All glass syringe
2. Disposable
3. Lumber puncture

Parts of syringe:

1. Piston
2. Barrel
3. Plunger
4. Nozzle
5. Needle
6. Needle cover

Haemocytometer:

Haemocytometer box is in apparatus which based in detection of total count of WBC, RBC, platelets, circulatory eosinophil.

Consists of:

1. RBC pipette
2. WBC pipette
3. Special cover slip
4. Counting chamber

Use of Haemocytometer :

1. Total count of WBC
2. Total count of RBC
3. Total count of platelets
4. Total count of circulatory eosinophil.

Microtome:

Microtome is machine designed to cut thin sections of human, animal or plant tissue.

For kinds of microtome:

1. Rotary microtome : For cutting paraffin-embedded sections.
2. Slide microtome : For cutting colliding –embedded section.
3. Freezing microtome : For cutting unimpeded  tissues.
4. Cold microtome: for cutting thin frozen section of unimpeded fresh or fixed tissue

Major parts of microtome:

1. The block holder
2. The knife carrier and the knife
3. Screws and device
4. Flywheel
5. Base

Core of Microtome / Maintenance of Microtome:

1. After cutting sections on the microtome , all accumulated paraffin and tissue should be brushed away with a soft brush.
2. All metal parts may be wiped clean with xylence.
3. Avoid continuous supplication of xylence to the rest of the machine.
4. The machine must be dried carefully.
5. The microtome should be covered when not in use

Define and classify medical records

Define and classify

Define and classify medical records:

Medical records: It is a part of medical science. In this part the physician himself or the medical board collects all the information about the patients such as names, addresses, problems , previous treatment is fully noted in a Register so that it will be helpful in the future treatment for the physician and the patient is called medical.

Classify of medical recordication:

1. Emergency medical record
2. Outdoor medical record
3. Indoor medical record
4. EPI medical record
5. MCH medical record
6. Injury medical record
7. Dead certificate medical record
8. National health program clinical medical record

Health structure of Bangladesh:

1. National level
2. Central level
3. Divisional level
4. District level
5. Thana level/Upazilla  level
6. Union health sub centre level.
7. Community clinic level.

Management of bleeding /Hemorrhage:

1. Wash your hands thoroughly with clean & soap water.
2. Clean the injury place with soap and clean water.
3. Direct pressure most extreme bleeding can be controlled by applying pressure directly over the wounds.
4. If not controlled bleeding then apply pressure pointed.
5. No controlled bleeding then apply pressure pointed
6. In case of emergency please sent to patients in the hospital.

Anticoagulant:

Anticoagulant is a chemical substance by which it is deals only prevent the blood clotting.

Name of anticoagulant:

1. Sodium citrate.
2. EDTA
3. Trisodium citrate
4. Potassium oxalate
5. Double oxalate.

Heparin.

Burns

Burns

Destruction of living tissue by dry heat is known as burns.

Types of burns:

1. First degree burns : Shows redness.
2. Second degree burns: Shows vaccination.
3. Third degree burns: Nacres of entire skin.

Hemorrhage of Burns:

Abnormal internal or external discharge of blood is called hemorrhage.

Types of hemorrhage:

1. According to nature of vessel:

1.       Arterial : Bright red blood.

2.       Venous: darker red blood.

3.       Capillary: Bright red, often rapid ooze

2. According to site involved:

1. External : Bleeding in the surface of the body
2. Internal : Bleeding in to tissue or internal body cavity.

3. According to the time involved:

1.  Primary : At the time of injury of operation .
2. Reaction : May follow primary hemorrhage within 24 hours

The job descriptions of the medical technologist:

1. General jobs:

1. Laboratory safety:

(a)    Safety of the laboratory staff.

(b)   Safety of the patient.

(c)    Safety of the equipment and instruments

(d)   Arrangement and security of the laboratory.

2. Responsible for inter departmental co-ordination and cooperation .
3. Commitment to the patient .
4. Handling of poisonous and infected materials.
5. Supervision and training of junior colleagues.
6. Arrangement of safe disposal of used and infected materials.

2. Specific jobs:

1. Job description at primary health care level.
2. Job description at secondary health care level
3. Job description of tertiary health care level
4. Job description of teaching institutes.

(a)    Job description of primary health care level:

1. Perform procedures and methods for different investigations of clinical pathology and hematology.
2. Bio –chemistry and serology.

(b)   Job description of secondary health care level:

1. For clinical pathology such as sputum, vaginal swab, urethral  smear.
2. For hematological examination such as-blood parasite, platelet count.

(c)    Tertiary health care level:

1. Hematology : Absolute values PCV,MCV,MCHC,MCH,

: Special staining MPO

2.Clinical pathology : Urobilirogen, bile salt, bile pigment,

3. Clinical chemistry : Blood gas analysis , serum iron,LDH.

(d)  Teaching institutes:

1. Lectures

2. Instructions

3. Technologists.